[47], Early in the evening, the disguised Loki and Thor meet with Þrymr and the assembled jötnar. Writing in the 19th century, scholar Jacob Grimm records various phrases surviving into Germanic languages that refer to the god, such as the Norwegian Thorsvarme ("Thor's warmth") for lightning and the Swedish godgubben åfar ("The good old (fellow) is taking a ride") as well as the word tordön ("Thor's rumble" or "Thor's thunder") when it thunders. Forth from their homes must all men flee;— 05 Jun 2023. Chakra: Throat Red traffic lights and brake lights announce danger. Aphrodite – apples, linden tree, myrtle tree, pomegranate, poppies, prickly lettuce, roses, star of bethlehem, Astarte – alder, arabic gum, cypress, juniper, myrtle, pine, Athena – cinnamon, citrus, cedar, cypress, dragon’s blood, geranium, hellebore, oak, olive, patchouli, Baba Yaga – black sunflowers, medicinal herbs, poppies, rye, tobacco, Circe – Alder, juniper, mandrake, nightshade, Demeter – barley, chaste tree, fig, oak, mint, poppies, pomegranate, pennyroyal, wheat, Hel – beech, elder, elm, ivy, juniper, mullein, willow, yew, Kali – red hibiscus, red rhododendron, poinsettia, Kuan Yin – lotus, oolong tea leaves, orange, pomegranate, willow, Morgan Le Fay – apple, blackthorn, herbs, lily of the valley, oak, willow, Nerthus – beech, blackthorn, elder, elm, ivy, juniper, mullein, thistle, willow, yew, Oya – anise, aspen, cinnamon, carnation, calamus, clove, dragon’s blood, dittany of crete, hibiscus, lemon, myrrh, nutmeg, oak moss, star anise, sandalwood, tangerine, Persephone – asphodel, crocus, iris, larkspur, lily, pomegranate, Jesus – aspen, cedar, grapes, oak, olive, palm, Jupiter – acorn, agrimony, almond, aloe, aspen, beech, cassia, carnation, cedar, cypress, daisy, fig, gorse, hyssop, leek, mullein, oak, olive, orange, palm, pine, sage, vervain, violate, Krishna – acacia, bay, frankincense, vine, Manannan Mac Lir – aquatic plants, seaweed, Osiris – acacia, benzoin, cedar, clove, dittany of crete, grains, ivy, orris, palm date, tamarisk, vine, willow, Poseidon – aquatic plants, kelp, seaweeds, wild celery, Thor – acorns, avens, dragon’s blood, juniper, oak, oak moss, pine, thistle, Tyr – blackthorn, juniper, oak, thistle, vervain. World History Encyclopedia. Loki is also credited with giving birth to Sleipnir, Odin's eight-legged horse. The quietness of winter is his domain. Appease Thrym if you need relief from cold weather! God of ThunderPantheon: NorseElement: AirSphere of Influence: Weather and ConflictPreferred colors: Silver, Steel, YellowAssociated symbol: HammerAnimals associated with: Black RamBest day to work with: ThursdayStrongest around MabonSuitable offerings: Plenty of food and meadAssociated Planet: Jupiter. [95] Thor is also mentioned in Ubisoft's 2020 game Assassin's Creed Valhalla, where items of his such as Mjölnir can be found and used by the player in combat. Thor's Hammer AmuletGunnar Creutz (CC BY-SA). Aegir, the God of the Sea, is married to Ran. They were a constant factor in their everyday activities. The ruler of Libra is Ven... Read more, The Protection Stone Want to learn how to work with the old gods in a practical guide? Gabriel Turville-Petre saw this as an invented origin for the placename demonstrating loss of memory that Thunor had been a god's name. Heimdalls duty is to sound his horn (Gjallahorn) to alert the gods of the coming of Ragnarok (The last battle). His hammer is symbolic of masculine energies, and represents the power that is available in focused energy and intention. The item bears an Elder Futhark inscribed with the name Þonar (i.e. Bucky Barnes color palette created by ktfcdaec that consists #d6d6d6,#a51111,#090001,#84b9ce,#313131 colors. [63], Drawing of a silver-gilted Thor's hammer found in Scania, Sweden, Drawing of a 4.6 cm gold-plated silver Mjölnir pendant found at Bredsätra on Öland, Sweden, Drawing of a silver Thor's hammer amulet found in Fitjar, Hordaland, Norway, Drawing of Thor's hammer amulet from Mandemark, Møn, Denmark. He teaches that life should be looked at from all angles, in order to find solutions to problems that others may not have thought of. Fafnir originally had the Helm of Awe and credits his success to it. Þrymr then lifts "Freyja's" veil and wants to kiss "her". White and gold invoke images of Heaven and angels and embody purity and incorruptibility. Bulamu/ Ryangombe(Rwandan) , erythrina abbysinica tree He teaches respects, and that duty and responsibility bring joy when they are accepted gladly. From Thor, he inherited the quick temper, physical strength and merits as a giant-slayer. For Dumézil, this is the preservation by peasants of only the side-effect of the god's atmospheric battles: the fertilizing rain. Married to Frigga. History What colors are associated with the Norse god Loki? Perun? [25], Pictorial representations of Thor's hammer appear on a total of five runestones found in Denmark (DR 26 and DR 120) and in the Swedish counties of Västergötland (VG 113) and Södermanland (Sö 86 and Sö 111). No matter how dangerous and uncertain the world might seem, by holding tight to an amulet of Thor's Hammer, one was assured that help was coming and that someone, somewhere, was watching over one's life and always offering peace and protection to the faithful. [52] In later sagas he is described as red-bearded,[53] but there is no evidence for a red beard in the Eddas.[54]. Thor Posters Review. Loki says that this is because "Freyja" has not slept for eight nights in her eagerness. The Eyrarland Statue, a copper alloy figure found near Akureyri, Iceland dating from around the 11th century, may depict Thor seated and gripping his hammer. Anyone needing more strength in these areas should consort with Tyr. Davidson writes, "the drinking of wine, ale, or mead was of ceremonial importance at all feasts and it seems to have been this which 'hallowed' the hall when men met for sacrifice" (Myths and Symbols, 41). Viking Rune Stone (Sanda, Sweden)Emma Groeneveld (Copyright). Mark, J. J. They're colors used by those social classes (because of affordability/ease to access), but I don't think there was such a mentality as colors associated with a social class. In this way Thor, as well as Odin, may be seen to continue the cult of the sky god which was known in the Bronze Age.[81]. Red is the color of emotional outbursts: Shame or anger colors our face red. ! Both apples and nuts are signs, not merely of fruitfulness, but specifically of life springing forth again from death. The Swastika/Sun-Wheel. [85] This version of Thor is portrayed as a clean-shaven blonde, instead of red-haired and bearded. The invocation appears thrice in Denmark (DR 110, DR 209, and DR 220), and a single time in Västergötland (VG 150), Sweden. Thórr-based names may have flourished during the Viking Age as a defiant response to attempts at Christianization, similar to the wide scale Viking Age practice of wearing Thor's hammer pendants.[9]. The ship of the fertility god Freyr was said to be enormous but could be folded up easily and kept in his pocket. If your god or goddess isn’t included, please leave a comment. A bronze statue of a seated figure from about AD 1000 that was recovered at the Eyrarland farm in the area of Akureyri, Iceland. In Norse mythology, he is a hammer-wielding god associated with lightning, thunder, storms, sacred groves and trees, strength, the protection of humankind, hallowing, and fertility. [87] The team named the shrew after Thor due to the god's association with strength.[87]. Whereas Surtur would burn the world, Thrym would freeze it. Lord of the Fire GiantsPantheon: NorseElement: FireSphere of Influence: Fire and ConflictPreferred colors: Red, Yellow, Orange, BlackAssociated symbol: Flaming SwordBest day to work with: TuesdayAssociated Planet: Mars. She is also associated with witchcraft, wealth and purification. Þrymr commands the jötnar in his hall to spread straw on the benches, for Freyja has arrived to be his wife. Goddess of the MountainsPantheon: NorseElement: EarthSphere of Influence: Mountains and StrengthPreferred colors: Slate greyAssociated symbol: Mountain PeakStrongest around Yule. The earliest records of the Germanic peoples were recorded by the Romans, and in these works Thor is frequently referred to – via a process known as interpretatio romana (where characteristics perceived to be similar by Romans result in identification of a non-Roman god as a Roman deity) – as either the Roman god Jupiter (also known as Jove) or the Greco-Roman god Hercules. Norse mythology, largely recorded in Iceland from traditional material stemming from Scandinavia, provides numerous tales featuring the god. [58], Tales about Thor, or influenced by native traditions regarding Thor, continued into the modern period, particularly in Scandinavia. God of Courage and StrategyPantheon: NorseElement: FireSphere of Influence: Strategy and WritingPreferred colors: White, RedAssociated symbol: SwordAnimals associated with: Wolf , BearBest day to work with: TuesdayAssociated Planet: Mars. On the Swedish island of Gotland, a species of beetle (Scarabæus stercorarius) was named after the god; the Thorbagge. In Norse mythology, Thor is an Aesir god who personifies strength and fertility. [79] Others have emphasized Thor's close connection to humanity, in all its concerns. : The Old Gods. magickal information and correspondences: Sacred candle color: red. The Norse religion was non-exclusive and so it is common to find Christian symbols such as the cross paired with a popular pagan symbol such as Thor's hammer. The identification of these place names as pointing to religious significance is complicated by the aforementioned common usage of Þórr as a personal name element. Goddesses and Magical Plant Associations Aphrodite - apples, linden tree, myrtle tree, pomegranate, poppies, prickly lettuce, roses, star of bethlehem Artemis - artemisia (mugwort, southernwood, tarragon, wormwood), bay laurel, cedar, chase tree, fir, myrtle, oak, walnut, wild fig, willow Astarte - alder, arabic gum, cypress, juniper, myrtle, pine Its name means "the swaying one" in that it brings people to Odin (Simek, 124). He is arguably the most famous Norse deity. The blue candle is associated with Jupiter and Thor. Jesus Christ was initially considered just another god one could count on for protection and direction in life and remained so until Christianity became the dominant faith and the old beliefs died out. Lord of the Frost GiantsPantheon: NorseElement: EarthSphere of Influence: Yule and ConflictPreferred colors: WhiteAssociated symbol: White double-headed axeStrongest around Yule. Bibliography Get Info. Diewana? Justice should be blind. In the 12th century, more than a century after Norway was "officially" Christianized, Thor was still being invoked by the population, as evidenced by a stick bearing a runic message found among the Bryggen inscriptions in Bergen, Norway. We care about our planet! They regard it as a religious duty to offer to him, on fixed days, human as well as other sacrificial victims. Idunna is the keeper of the apples of youth, which keep the Gods young and strong. In Norse mythology, Thor is the god of thunder and the sky. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1309/norse-viking-symbols--meanings/. Loki then changed the goddess and her apples into a nut and flew away with them. [89], Thor is also featured in a number of video games. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. You obviously can’t find info on all of these but please please please I would love any info you could get. Planet: Venus In many Western and European societies, the colors gold and white are associated with goodness and divinity. In anger smites the warder of earth,— Originally there was a chasm, Ginnungagap, bounded on either side by fire (from the world known as Muspelheim) and ice (from the world known as Niflheim). Forseti teaches that true justice can only come from being objective. Loki responds that he has bad news for both the elves and the Æsir—that Thor's hammer, Mjölnir, is gone. The symbols used in Norse mythology had to do not only with supernatural entities but also with the challenges of everyday life and the mystery of what awaited after death. Books [66] His parallels in various European Traditions include Zeus, Taranis, Perun, and Perkunas. In the 2002 Ensemble Studios game Age of Mythology, Thor is one of three major gods Norse players can worship. Animals use red color to recognize its own kind, to announce the mating season or to issue a warning. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! ... Artmann. Neil Gaiman's books American Gods and Norse Mythology also feature Thor. Besides Old Norse Þórr, the deity occurs in Old English as Þunor, in Old Frisian as Thuner, in Old Saxon as Thunar, and in Old High German as Donar, all ultimately stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym *Þun(a)raz, meaning 'Thunder'. She is often considered to be the sister and wife of Njord, mother of Freyja and Frey. Grimm comments that, at times, Scandinavians often "no longer liked to utter the god's real name, or they wished to extol his fatherly goodness". The god Freyr's servant Beyla interjects, and says that, since all of the mountains are shaking, she thinks that Thor is on his way home. Freyr, one of the gods of the Vanir, was among the most popular (forming the trinity with Odin and Thor as the most powerful of the pantheon), and the ship came to be associated with the magical properties of the Vanir, such as transformation, which linked the ship with death and the afterlife. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The symbol is often associated with that of Hrungnir's Heart (the heart of a giant defeated by Thor which was made of stone and pointed at three corners) which is similar but scholars continue to debate whether the two are the same. to Fall! Thor eats and drinks ferociously, consuming entire animals and three casks of mead. Treasures swallowed by the sea adorned his great marine palace. The pendants have been found in a variety of contexts (including at urban sites, and in hoards) and occur in a variety of shapes. A blacksmith, for example, would have a swastika carved on his hammer to not only sanctify it for his work but to make the object lucky. In as late as the 19th century in Iceland, a specific breed of fox was known as holtaþórr ("Thor of the holt"), likely due to the red coat of the breed. The image of Huginn and Muninn appear frequently on cremation urns and other objects associated with death. [14], The first recorded instance of the name of the god appears upon the Nordendorf fibulae, a piece of jewelry created during the Migration Period and found in Bavaria. After Thor successfully smashes a crystal goblet by throwing it at Hymir's head on Týr's mother's suggestion, Thor and Týr are given the cauldron. It seems to have been used by the warrior also, in the form of the swastika. [5] According to scholar Peter Jackson, those theonyms may have emerged as the result of the fossilization of an original epithet (or epiclesis, i.e. [49], However, the question and answer session turns out to be a ploy by Thor, as, although Thor comments that he has truly never seen anyone with more wisdom in their breast, Thor has managed to delay the dwarf enough for the Sun to turn him to stone; "day dawns on you now, dwarf, now sun shines on the hall". [26] At least three stones depict Thor fishing for the serpent Jörmungandr: the Hørdum stone in Thy, Denmark, the Altuna Runestone in Altuna, Sweden and the Gosforth Cross in Gosforth, England. She embraces this period of storm, darkness, and challenge, and is never happier than when hunting... Hel, also known as Hella, Holle or Hulda, was the Norse and Teutonic Goddess, Queen and Ruler of the Underworld, which was known as Niflheim, or Helheim, the Kingdom of... Norse Tales with Giants and Dwarfs [66] F. M. Stenton noted that such place names were apparently restricted to Saxon and Jutish territory and not found in Anglian areas. Thor's relations: Associated with the Norse God Thor. Norse Mythology: Norse Mythology stems from the imaginative,. Lepidolite contains lithium and is helpful for st... Read more, Kyanite His cult distinctively mixed both ecclesiastical and folk elements. The universe in which humans and gods lived was supported by the great world-tree Yggdrasil in which there were nine different realms, each one home to a different group of beings such as elves, dwarves, giants, and, of course, the gods, and humans. Guardian of BifrostPantheon: NorseElement: FireSphere of Influence: Loyalty and ConflictPreferred colors: Red, SilverAssociated symbol: HornSuitable offerings: Mead, good food. [64] Scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson (1965) comments on the usage of the swastika as a symbol of Thor: The protective sign of the hammer was worn by women, as we know from the fact that it has been found in women's graves. He is the god of hunting. The Aegishjalmur - Helm of Awe. Thor, deity common to all the early Germanic peoples, a great warrior represented as a red-bearded, middle-aged man of enormous strength, an implacable foe to the harmful race of giants but benevolent toward mankind. Aegir is also the god of beer and brewing. The Viking goddess of winter, Skadi is the embodiment of strength, courage and endurance. Exactly how a Sventhorn was used in daily life is unclear, but its purpose was to induce a deep sleep from which the victim would not awaken for a considerable length of time (or until the person who used it wanted them to). One of the stones, Sö 86, shows a face or mask above the hammer. Zhiva? Whoever looked upon the Aegishjalmur was frozen with terror and could be easily defeated. Odin pierces himself with Gungnir as he hangs on Yggdrasil in his quest for knowledge. The symbol was identified as such since 19th century scholarship; examples include Worsaae (1882:169) and Greg (1884:6). The interlocking horns emphasized the connection between those who met for communal gatherings with each other and with Odin. There, Grímnir says, Thor sits as judge at the immense cosmological world tree, Yggdrasil. His parallels in various European Traditions include Zeus, Taranis, Perun, and Perkunas. Jarilo? Sif is the wife of Thor. Holle is an older god than Odin and Thor. Ships and the sea played an overwhelming part in the life and imagination of the Norsemen. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1309/norse-viking-symbols--meanings/. It appears in Norse literature sometimes as an actual physical item but also as a kind of spell in which the symbol is carved on a board of oak and placed beneath the head of a person (presumably already sleeping) who will then not wake up until the spell-caster wants them to. Red in advertising is used to evoke erotic feelings (red lips, red cars, etc. By employing a practice known as interpretatio germanica during the Roman period, ancient Germanic peoples adopted the Latin weekly calendar and replaced the names of Roman gods with their own. There are three primary groups of fae folk in Nordic Mythology:  Elves, Dwarves, and Giants. She is generous, passionate and exuberant and expects the same of those who would honor her. The following tales contained mainly Norse myths of Thor and Loki and about their adventure and dealings with giants and the dwarves (dwarfs). When the thunder boomed it was Thor driving his chariot across the heavens, and when the fields sprouted it was Freyr or Freyja generating life from the earth. She is also associated with summer, passion and the sun. But... Loki Laufeyiarson, in Norse Mythology is the "god" of mischief, a son of Farbauti and Laufey, and is described as the "contriver of all fraud." Though this captivating goddess had numerous lovers, she was the wife of the mysterious Norse god... Thor is the mighty God of the Norse mythology who was famous for his ire. In modern times, Thor continues to be referred to in art and fiction. Popular Colors; Color Names; Web Safe Colors; Random Colors; Color Wheel; Login; Color Hex » Color Palettes » Liked it? Odur is often considered to be another aspect of Odin. The image of the wheel, a disc, or the sun-wheel – closely associated with the swastika – symbolized the sky and its relation to the earth, the earth itself (which was thought of as a disc resting on water), or the cosmos. If you intend to travel by sea, and hope for a calm voyage, appeasing Aegir would be a good idea. The gods search but find no such cauldron anywhere. Donar), the southern Germanic form of Thor's name. These nature spirits were eventually deified and came to be the gods and goddesses as we know them today. [48], In the poem Alvíssmál, Thor tricks a dwarf, Alvíss, to his doom upon finding that he seeks to wed his daughter (unnamed, possibly Þrúðr). To the south lies Múspell, a world seething in fire and flames. When it was stolen by one of the giants, Thor had to disguise himself as Freyja and pose as a bride to get it back. In our own times, little stone axes from the distant past have been used as fertility symbols and placed by the farmer in the holes made by the drill to receive the first seed of spring. Zodiac Degrees : 7º00` Libra - 4º59` Scorpio ... Read more, The Autumn Equinox is a time of harvesting and preparation. Annoyed, Ægir tells Thor that the gods must first bring to him a suitable cauldron to brew ale in. The following contains spoilers for Marvel's Thor: Love And Thunder. Help us and translate this article into another language! What are Thors colors? He is the noblest of the gods. [38], After a lacuna in the manuscript of the poem, Hymiskviða abruptly picks up again with Thor and Hymir in a boat, out at sea. When we find it on the pommel of a warrior's sword and on his sword-belt, the assumption is that the warrior was placing himself under the Thunder God's protection.[65]. 450-1100)-language text, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing Old Frisian-language text, Articles containing Old Saxon-language text, Articles containing Old High German (ca. Freyja, indignant and angry, goes into a rage, causing all of the halls of the Æsir to tremble in her anger, and her necklace, the famed Brísingamen, falls from her. Queen of the GodsPantheon: NorseElement: WaterSphere of Influence: Love and BirthPreferred colors: Blue, White, AquaAssociated symbol: CatAnimals associated with: CatBest day to work with: FridayBest Moon phase: Waxing MoonStrongest around YuleSuitable offerings: VenusAssociated Planet: Moon. It is cognate with Old Norse Þórsdagr and with Old High German Donarestag. On shore, Hymir suggests that Thor should help him carry a whale back to his farm. Loki responds that he intends to live a while yet, and again insults Thor with references to his encounter with Útgarða-Loki. [84] Thor is also the namesake of the PGM-17 Thor missile. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Birthstone: Libra In a long question and answer session, Alvíss does exactly that; he describes natural features as they are known in the languages of various races of beings in the world, and gives an amount of cosmological lore. Easily bored, he spends his time playing practical jokes. bowed by the serpent, who feared no foe. Towards the end of the poem, the flyting turns to Sif, Thor's wife, whom Loki then claims to have slept with. Thor is the son of Odin and Jörð,[1] by way of his father Odin, he has numerous brothers, including Baldr. Netflix released the second season on 27 May 2021. [68] In Sweden in the 19th century, smooth, wedge-shaped stones found in the earth were called Thorwiggar ("Thor's wedges"), according to a folk belief that they were once hurled at a troll by the god Thor. The Aesir: Odin, the primary god of wisdom, strategy, war, fatherhood, and kingship. In fact, one of his claims to fame is that the weekday Thursday (Thor's day) is named after him. A symbol is an image or object which represents an abstract concept, often having to do with one's religious beliefs. Due to the nature of the Germanic corpus, narratives featuring Thor are only attested in Old Norse, where Thor appears throughout Norse mythology. Adam details that "Thor, they reckon, rules the sky; he governs thunder and lightning, winds and storms, fine weather and fertility" and that "Thor, with his mace, looks like Jupiter". The hills and rivers, the sky and sea, were alive with these entities. Belobog? Although there remains much debate on the issue, it is generally agreed that Yggdrasil was an ash tree and that its name means "Odin's Horse" as in the tree to which the highest god's horse is bound but could also mean "tree of terror" as it is the tree on which Odin hung when he sacrificed himself to himself in his quest for wisdom (Simek, 375). "The All-Father". Norse-Viking Symbols & Meanings. [60], Thor remained pictured as a red-bearded figure, as evident by the Danish rhyme that yet referred to him as Thor med sit lange skæg ("Thor with the long beard") and the North-Frisian curse diis ruadhiiret donner regiir! Cultic significance may only be assured in place names containing the elements -vé (signifying the location of a vé, a type of pagan Germanic shrine), –hóf (a structure used for religious purposes, see heathen hofs), and –lundr (a holy grove). They believed that its green leaves represented the fertility of the Mother Goddess, and its white berries, the seed of the Forest God or Oak King. His steed, Sleipnir, had eight hooves and was the swiftest of all stallions. Artmann.[82]. And I’m pretty certain I’ve never said they were the same deity. Bamweyana(for mad people), cannabis Loki is the trickster. She is birth and renewal. The spear has magical runes carved into the point which increases its accuracy and draws an opposing army toward Odin (in other words, guarantees they will die and be taken to Valhalla). Similarly, meteorites may be considered memorials to Thor in folk tradition due to their sheer weight. A sky goddess, responsible... Freya was a warrior goddess, a Valkyrie, and also the goddess of sensual love. Sif is the wife of Thor. World History Encyclopedia. God of the SunPantheon: NorseElement: FireSphere of Influence: Light and TravelPreferred colors: Red, Yellow, Orange, GoldAssociated symbol: SunBest day to work with: SundayBest time to work with: NoonStrongest around LithaAssociated Planet: Sun. According to scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson, Yggdrasil is "one of the most powerful symbols in Norse mythology, said to stand at the centre of the worlds of gods and men" (Myths and Symbols, 23). [59] In Sweden, it was probably as a euphemism that people referred to thunder as "the ride of the god" – *ās-ækia (OWN: *áss-ekja) resulting in the modern Swedish word for thunder – åska. Elves are mentioned but don't seem to play a role in... To the north lies Niflheim, covered by ice and snow. The first clear example of this occurs in the Roman historian Tacitus's late first-century work Germania, where, writing about the religion of the Suebi (a confederation of Germanic peoples), he comments that "among the gods Mercury is the one they principally worship. 750-1050)-language text, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles containing Icelandic-language text, Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text, Articles containing Proto-Indo-European-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Articles containing North Frisian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles containing Southern Sami-language text, Articles with German-language sources (de), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 13:51.
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