kamma population district wise

. [22][pageneeded] During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kamma Nayaks (commanders) were appointed as governors in many areas of Tamil Nadu. Origin of Kamma Community There are many theories about the origins of the word "Kamma" and the social group known as Kammas but none is conclusive. Kamma: Township: . [40][41] It was also in the Qutb Shahi period that the Vasireddy clan of Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu received the deshmukhi of the Nandigama pargana in 1670. Prashanth, Dontha Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Notify me of followup comments via e-mail. Andhra Pradesh state is divided into 13 districts. 2 languages Tools Map of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh The Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh currently has 175 constituencies out of which 29 constituencies are reserved for Scheduled Castes candidates and 7 constituencies are reserved for Scheduled tribes candidates. If you want to know about village affairs, you should talk to Kamma leaders.’. 10 Srinivas, Social change in modern India, p. 11. (ed. If you add Telangana and Mysore State Kamma population and population shortly taken figure it will go to 10 lacs. [13][14][15] The migration was apparently quite extensive, and was made by possible by the Kammanadu's strategic location with access to the Deccan plateau as well as to the regions in the south and southwest. for this article. The following grievances have been voiced: . Kamma chowdarys - Kamma Caste History Kamma caste is a ... - Facebook He is a leader beyond caste, Srinivasa Rao said. “In 1972, the number of BC MLAs rose to 20 after then Congress supremo Indira Gandhi began focusing on social justice,” pointed out Srinivasa Rao. The creation of the AIMIM didn’t lead to any quantum jump in the community’s numbers in the Assembly. Bhataraju (Brahma kshatriya) Budabukkala. 56 Srinivas, S. V., 2010, ‘Making of a peasant industry: Telugu cinema in the 1930s–1950s’, BioScope: South Asian Screen Studies, 1 (2), 169–88Google Scholar. Caste Dominance and Territory in South India: Understanding... School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford Email: dalel.benbabaali@area.ox.ac.uk, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X16000755, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. There are significant numbers of this community members in Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Sivakasi, Tirunelveli, Theni, Tutucorin Districts of Tamil Nadu, Naicker History, Kamma Orgin - kammavarkalyanamalai.com Percent. High frequencies of genes M, s, D, and e are exhibited among both populations. Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, a Kamma zamindar, controlled 551 towns and villages in the Guntur and Krishna Districts, had a retinue of several thousand men, and became known for his patronization of Hindu religious rituals, festivals, temples, and Brahmins. Characterization of the Indigenous Nallamala-Kamma Cattle Population of Andhra Pradesh, India Kanna K Siripurapu 2019 The vast majority (about 80%) of the priceless indigenous livestock in general and cattle populations in particular of the country still remains yet undefined. [67], The varna system of Brahmanic ritual ranking never took hold in South Indian society outside Kerala. What has happened in Telengana is that to this situation a new factor was introduced of the migrant Andhra. |A+AA-. Numerous Hindu temples, such as Bugga Ramalingeshwara Swamy Temple[29] and Chintalarayaswamy Temple,[29] were constructed and patronized by the Pemmasanis. . The population growth rate in Andhra Pradesh for rural populatation recorded for this decade (2001-2011) was 1.73%. Kamma is a dominant caste (community) mainly from the state Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu in southern India. a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States. [43] This conferred on the Yarlagaddas the privileges of maintaining their own military force and control over the inhabitants in their area. There are 13 districts, 664 Mandals, 16009 villages and 261 towns in Andhra Pradesh. LB nagar 5. Patancheru 9. While the Velamas and Reddys hold fort in Telangana, the Kammas, Kapus and Reddys dominate politics in Andhra Pradesh. Predominance of A group in Brahmins and B group in Kammas is observed. Nonetheless, only five of the 100-odd BC castes in the State have been able to make a significant mark in politics. [74], Prior to the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, creating the new state of Telangana, the Kammas and the Reddys were politically and economically dominant in the state. Kamma is a dominant caste (community) mainly from the state Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu in southern India. . From then on, their numbers in the Assembly has hardly exceeded three. Predominance of A group in Brahmins and B group in Kammas is observed. [45][46] Moreover, in the Telangana region, Muslim rulers collected taxes through intermediaries from the dominant castes, such as the Kammas, who were given the title Chowdary. The following is the cast-wise percentage of the population in Andhra pradesh: OC Caste List In Andhra Pradesh/ Oc Caste Percentage In Ap. By the mid 20th century, many Kammas had benefited greatly from the numerous educational institutes that had proliferated throughout Coastal Andhra such as Andhra Christian College or Guntur Medical College. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 80.8% while that in rural areas is 67.6%. Sherilingampalli 2. Jublihills 4. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Magway Region, Thayet District (Kamma Township Report), Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, "မကွေးတိုင်းဒေသကြီး၊ သရက်ခရိုင် ၊ကံမမြို့နယ်၏ ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်အလက်", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamma_Township&oldid=1081133924, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 5 April 2022, at 14:21. The administrative seat of the township is Kamma. Today they are regarded as the richest group in Andhra Pradesh[4] and are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). Whatever be the party, rival candidates are from the same caste, and one of them wins. 53 Balagopal, K., 1986, ‘Anti-reservation, yet once more’, Economic and Political Weekly, 21 (36), 1572–4Google Scholar, p. 1545. [55] Kamma caste associations also spawned in Tamil Nadu in the 1920s, with two Kamma zamindars leading the Kamma Mahajana Sabha and the Dakshina Desa Kamma Mahasabha. Dudekula, Laddaf, Pinjari or Noorbas. . The regionalization of caste has also been studied, but in a rather descriptive way, by simply ‘mapping’ caste regions (Schwartzberg, J., 1968, ‘Caste regions of the North Indian plain’, in Singer, M., Cohn, B. He is a leader beyond caste,” Srinivasa Rao said. Sedgwick Claims Management Services Lexington, Ky Contact Number, The Reddy wave Telangana population will be 35286757 by 2021 in the next census. 21 Ludden, D., 2005, Early capitalism and local history in South India, Oxford University Press, Delhi, p. 65Google Scholar. 74 ‘I was offered a 20 crores dowry [Rs 200 million] by Andhra Kammas who wanted their daughter to marry my grandson, but their culture is different. Render date: 2023-06-05T12:48:36.764Z 44 For the post-independence period, I use Dalit (a militant self-descriptive term that means ‘oppressed’) rather than ‘Untouchable’. "useRatesEcommerce": true In rural areas of East Godavari, male population was 1,922,293 divided into The caste wins a few seats every election in 2014, 5 of Telangana's MLAs were Kammas and one Tummala Nageswara. The demonstration is based on an analysis of the socio-spatial trajectories of the Kammas—a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra, where they continue to own most of the land, even though they have migrated in large numbers towards the interior and southern regions of the Indian peninsula, both to newly irrigated areas and to the cities. 16 Sack, R. D., 1986, Human territoriality: Its theory and history, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 1Google Scholar. Small in numbers, yet strong However, this hegemony is threatened by the growing resistance of Dalits to caste and class oppression, while Kamma cultural domination, long contested in Telangana, is now challenged by the formation of the new state. About Us | Privacy Policy | Answer (1 of 17): I researched a lot and finally found the answer. 91 Ilaiah, K., ‘Who is Telangana's grim reaper?’, The Asian Age, 11 April 2012Google Scholar. . Immediately after Independence, Brahmins dominated the political landscape in the region — 26 of the varna were elected MLAs in 1952. Budubunjala/ Bhunjwa/ Bhadbhunja (confined to Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy Districts only) Chippolu (Mera) Chopemari. [37] During the reign of the Qutb Shahis and Nizams, the Sayapaneni Nayaks (1626–1802) ruled a block of territory between the Krishna River and Nellore as vassals. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) district of Andhra Pradesh has a total population of . Kamma: 4.8: Velama: 3: Vysyas: 2.7: Kshatriya: 1.2: SC/ST 22.8; Mala/Madiga: 16.6: Scheduled Tribes: 6.2: Muslims & Christians 7; Income Distribution. The results of the 2011 caste census have not been released. The Population of india as per 1881 censes is 22 crores (Approx). Since last census of Khammam city was done in 2011, next census will only be in 2021. 24 Frykenberg, R. E., 1965, Guntur District 1788–1848: A history of local influence and central authority in South India, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p. 22Google Scholar. Sex Ratio in urban region of Khammam district is 1023 as per 2011 census data. [1][2] Propelled by their military activity in the Vijayanagara Empire, Kammas are believed to have spread out from the region during the Vijayanagara period, followed by some in-migration during the British period and out-migration again during the twentieth century. Kamma(chowdary) is a major caste in Telangana state. while 16.5% were Menu While many are asking for Khammam Population 2021 figures, there is none. But Prataparudra defeated them at Upparapalli in Karimnagar district. giorgio kireko panietu kamma population district wisenew construction homes nj under $250knew construction homes nj under $250k . Has data issue: false 60 The Kamma population of Kukatpally is estimated to 200,000 by their caste association (Kukatpally Kamma Sangham), which is half of the total population of Kukatpally. It is relevant to note that though Velama leaders Rao and T Harish Rao have recorded victory after victory from Siddipet Assembly segment since the mid-80s, the total population of the caste in the area is very less. After Naidu became powerful in TDP, caste equations changed. 34–5Google Scholar. [11], As the people of the region migrated to other parts, they were often referred to as the Kamma community (kamma-kula). The Kamma population in Telangana is negligible, but their presence is not. 29 Ranga, N. G., 1926, Economic organisation of Indian villages: Deltaic villages, Vani Press, Vijayawada, vol. 90 Srikrishna, B. N. et al., 2010, Committee for consultation on the situation in Andhra Pradesh, Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Delhi, p. 354Google Scholar. of the Nallamala-Kamma Cattle Population of Kurnool District . The number of Kamma MLAs decreased from 33 in 2014 to 17 in 2019. Population. males were 1,716,933 while females were 1,571,644. Constituency Kamma Reddy 1. 80 Oddie, G. A., 1975, ‘Christian conversion in the Telugu country, 1860–1900: A case study of one protestant movement in the Godavery-Krishna delta’, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 12 (1), 61–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Explanation: The enumerated population is tabulated. [76], This article is about the caste. [27] Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580. 2 Di Méo, G., 1998, ‘De l'espace aux territoires: éléments pour une archéologie des concepts fondamentaux de la géographie’, L'information géographique, 3, 99–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar, p. 107. “Reddy is a political caste in Telangana. Krishna District - Kamma and Reddy voters. Kondapi(SC): 42000 17233 5. 8 Dirks, N. B., 1987, The hollow crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 264Google Scholar. Also as per Census [7] 96% of the population of Barrackpore subdivision (partly presented . 2011, the Child Sex Ration was ocean magic surf report. . But the migrants retained links to the homeland and returned to it whenever the situation was favourable. Kammas formed only 3 per cent of the population of the Madras Presidency in 1921 but, as shown in Figure 1, . 30 Rao, G. N., 1985, ‘Transition from subsistence to commercialised agriculture: A study of Krishna District of Andhra, 1850–1900’, Economic and Political Weekly, 20 (25/26), A 60–9Google Scholar, p. 66. . There were essentially three classes: Brahmin, non-Brahmin and Dalit. Dimensions of underdevelopment, Caste and faction among the dominant caste: The Reddis and Kammas of Andhra, Commercial capital and agrarian relations: A study of Guntur tobacco economy, Economic organisation of Indian villages: Deltaic villages, Transition from subsistence to commercialised agriculture: A study of Krishna District of Andhra, 1850–1900, Andhra peasants under British rule: Agrarian relations and the rural economy 1900–1940, Politics and representation of caste identity in regional historiography: A case study of Kammas in Andhra, Indian Economic and Social History Review, The belief system of the Non-Brahmin movement in India: The Andhra case, Telangana People's struggle and its lessons, Sons of the soil. Prominent among them were Survaram Pratap Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy and Paga Pullareddy. 54–60Google Scholar. List of Telugu castes - Wikipedia Migration and ethnic conflict in India, Oxford University Press, DelhiGoogle Scholar. 36 Baker, C. J., 1976, The politics of South India, 1920–1937, Vikas Publishing House, DelhiCrossRefGoogle Scholar. The Jammu division spans over. 31 ‘Some ryots speculated in land, buying unirrigated land and waiting for it to receive water, a safe gamble since the irrigation could be obtained by bribing government officials’ (Ranga, Economic organisation of Indian villages, p. 37). Prominent among them were Survaram Pratap Reddy, Marri Chenna Reddy and Paga Pullareddy. [44] In the 1600-1800s, Kammas acquired land in the interior Deccan Plateau due to grants that were given by the Nizam of Hyderabad to encourage cultivation in uncultivated areas of Telangana. Grand Est | Detailed Pedia Total loading time: 0 females in East Godavari district. Though the number of persons from backward classes (BCs) was conspicuously low in the 50s, it has increased over the years owing to several factors including improved social awareness among the group. kamma population district wise Characterization of the Indigenous Nallamala-Kamma Cattle Population of ... Figures same, parties change The total population of Scheduled Tribes in Karnataka State in 2011 is 42 lakhs, 48 thousand, 978 which is about 6.95% of the total population.   |  A+A A-. Krishna District - Kamma and Reddy voters. Urban Population ( 22.56% ) No: 316828: Rural Population ( 77.44 % ) No: 1084811: Total Population ( 2011 Census) No: 1401639: Male (49.89%) No: 699124: Female (50.11%) No: 702515: Sex Ratio: Per 1000 (Males) 1005: S.C Population ( 19.93%) No: 279319: Male (49.70%) No: 138820: Female (50.30%) No: 140499: S.T Population ( 14.22%) No: 199342 . [27] Pemmasani Timmanayudu also assisted Venkata II in putting down a rebellion by the Nandyala Chiefs led by Krishnamaraja in 1580. 281–321Google Scholar. Uppal 8. sq. Table 1 Percentage breakdown of total population of Andhra Pradesh by caste 4 Table 2 Distribution of castes in Andhra districts during the Madras Presidency, 1921 5 Table 3 Major incidents or atrocities on dalits43 Table 4 Scheduled caste population in the State of Andhra Pradesh 57 Table 5 Broad categorisation of the scheduled castes 57 Kamma is a dominant caste (community) mainly from the state Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu in southern India. Kamma is a dominant caste (community) mainly from the state Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Tamil Nadu in southern India. In the middle ages they are the wise leaders possessed a strong army. [17], The tradition holds that the Kammas, along with Velamas and Reddis, evolved out of the community of Kapus (cultivators) in the post-Kakatiya period. The Assembly formed in 2014 had just two Brahmins ­— NVVS Prabhakar and Satish Kumar. Characterization of the Indigenous Nallamala-Kamma Cattle Population of ... 38 Ramaswamy, U., 1978, ‘The belief system of the Non-Brahmin movement in India: The Andhra case’, Asian Survey, 18 (3), 290–300CrossRefGoogle Scholar. [7], In recent times, a sizeable number of Kammas have migrated to the United States. . Disclaimer : We respect your thoughts and views! 33–4. Not yet gone to modern methods of increasing the produce. 78 A similar analysis can be found in 1969 already in Economic and Political Weekly: ‘In a given caste structure the poorer castes do not seem to resent the traditionally rich castes becoming richer, particularly if their own conditions have also meanwhile improved. (ed. . 92 Srikanth, H., 2011, ‘United Andhra or separate Telangana? 47 Ranga Rao, S. P., 1999, ‘Land reforms and the scheduled castes: Development in Andhra Pradesh’, in Behera, S. K. Dravidians were originally living in upper Egypt and came to india through Mesopotamia, Iran, and Baluchistan. is a Hindu caste from South India. In urban areas: Vijayawada and Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh/Telangana, Coimbatore in Tamil Nadu. Articles K, 1118 West Central Avenue 12 Mendelsohn, O., 1993, ‘The transformation of authority in rural India’, Modern Asian Studies, 27 (4), 805–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar. ), Caste in Indian politics, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 129–71Google Scholar, p. 137. Films and television channels use Telangana dialect to portray criminal or comical characters”. Likes. 43 Sundarayya, P., 1972, Telangana People's struggle and its lessons, CPI(M), CalcuttaGoogle Scholar. Advertise With Us | Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Many lands are still lying as waste lands. List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Hostname: page-component-594f858ff7-r29tb Estimated Livestock Population Breed W ise. UTC+6.30 ( MST) Kamma Township is a township in Thayet District of Magway Region. [71][72][73], Selig Harrison said in 1956 that .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, Kamma lore nurtures the image of a once-proud warrior clan reduced by Reddi chicanery to its present peasant status. The community of Kammas is believed to have originated from agriculturists of the Kammanadu region of the Guntur and Prakasam districts in Andhra Pradesh. Today they are regarded as the wealthiest group in Andhra Pradesh[4] and an entrepreneurial community influential in various industries, such as information technology, real estate, media and Telugu cinema. 40 ‘This geographical separation of the two powerful castes had a tribal logic; in any one local area, only one or the other caste group with its patriarch could be dominant. 75 Interview with Jagadish Chandran, CEO of Premier Mills. The Kamma population in Telangana is negligible, but their presence is not. 06 July 2018. [75] During the 1980s, they played a key role in state and national politics with the inception of the Telugu Desam Party by its then President N. T. Rama Rao also called as NTR. 5 In rural areas: Godavarru village (Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh), Sriram Sagar dam command area (Nizamabad district of Telangana), Tungabhadra irrigated belt (Bellary and Raichur districts of Karnataka). 61 Vivekanand colony is a posh area with luxurious individual houses, where only people with very high income live. 9 Stein, B., 1980, Peasant state and society in medieval South India, Oxford University Press, Delhi, p. 104Google Scholar. 72 Prasad, R. J. R., 2004, Emergence of Telugu Desam, and an overview of political movements in Andhra, Master Minds Academic Press, Hyderabad, pp. District Departments Wise Official Contacts. In 1988, UNESCO recognized the portion of the city within the Ill River, Strasbourg-Grand-Ill, as a World Heritage Site. If you have any doubts about this article or if you have any valuable comments or suggestions then please share them below in the comment box. Last Updated: 22nd November 2018 10:17 AM Addanki: 60800 13265 2. 68 ‘The Kamma Naidus of Coimbatore are made of various groups, so there is a lot of emulation between them: when a big family starts a mill, other families also want to start their own. 13 Jeffrey, C., 2001, ‘“A fist is stronger than five fingers”: Caste and dominance in rural North India’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26 (2), 217–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar, p. 219. Average literacy rate in Andhra Pradesh . Sridevi, Gummadi Kamma Dynasties : (1) Durjaya Vamsam Dynasties: Durjaya Dynasty (between 450 AD to 630 AD) Velanati Choda Dynasty (from 1100 AD to 1206 AD) Kammas served as ministers, military generals, and governors in the Vijayanagara Empire. [1] amy carlson mother god images March 20, 2023 bluey font generator. [64][65][66] They are a dominant caste from Coastal Andhra with socio-economic and political prominence throughout the Telugu-speaking regions of India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana). Presentation of the region - Grand Est - EN Andhra Pradesh Population 2022/2023 Rural Population ( 77.44 % ) No: 1084811: Total Population ( 2011 Census) No: 1401639: Male (49.89%) No: 699124: Female (50.11%) No: 702515: Sex Ratio: Per 1000 (Males) 1005: S.C Population ( 19.93%) No: 279319: Male (49.70%) No: 138820: Female (50.30%) No: 140499: S.T Population ( 14.22%) No: 199342: Male (50.07%) No: 99808: Female (49.93%) No . Reddys are economically and socially strong, which is why all political parties here give a major chunk of their seats to Reddys,” political commentator and senior journalist Kommineni Srinivasa Rao told Express. The total literacy rate of 477 . Feature Flags: { Kamma. Andhra Pradesh Population Sex Ratio in Andhra Pradesh 0718 783393, 0746 499411, 0688 783391, 0784 783393 and 0684 7833920. Of the total population of Andhra Pradesh state, around 66.64 percent live in the villages of rural areas. 4. 10 The Kamma population in Andhra Pradesh is nearly 4. Phenotype A 2 records less than 4% in both populations. Footnote 61 Godavarru is a Kamma-dominated village of Krishna district, and the sample covered almost all the Kamma households present at the time of the survey. As per 2011 census, 79.46 % population of West Godavari districts lives in rural areas of villages. ), India working: Essays on society and economy, De l'espace aux territoires: éléments pour une archéologie des concepts fondamentaux de la géographie, Territory, soil and society in South Asia, Beyond caste: Identity and power in South Asia, past and present, The hollow crown: Ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom, Peasant state and society in medieval South India, Caste and kinship in Central India: A village and its region, The transformation of authority in rural India, A fist is stronger than five fingers”: Caste and dominance in rural North India, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, Human territoriality: Its theory and history, Precolonial India in practice: Society, region and identity in medieval Andhra, Early capitalism and local history in South India, The medieval Deccan: Peasants, social systems and states: Sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, Guntur District 1788–1848: A history of local influence and central authority in South India, A note on land, caste and the “settler” in Telangana, Telangana. Telangana population will be 35286757 by 2021 in the next census. [56] The money was also invested into various companies, industries, such as food processing and transportation, and moneylending. The Reddys began working against the TDP and the Kammas against the Congress,” Srinivasa Rao explained. In 1957, the number of Brahmin MLAs in the Assembly slumped to 18; in 1962, their strength shrunk further to 12; in 1972, it was nine. Reddys are now identified as a strong ‘political caste’, but their position wasn’t always the same. HDX Data Manager updated the dataset Nepal - District wise Population Land Ratio and Population Density (2011) 1 year ago HDX - Joseph Marindi updated the dataset Nepal - District wise Population Land Ratio and Population Density (2011) 2 years ago HDX - Tag Bot updated the dataset Nepal - District wise Population Land Ratio and Population Density (2011) 76% in Jonnalagadda village. Though several major changes have been witnessed since 1952 in terms of the representation of various castes and religions in the Assembly, privileged castes have forever ruled the roost in Telangana -- the once-dominant Brahmins fell from grace only to be replaced by the economically and socially powerful Reddys and Kammas. Warner Music Nashville Jobs, 79 ‘The concept of modern cultivation hasn't caught up yet there. You can also subscribe without commenting. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. After the lifting of immigration quota system in 1965, the highly-educated doctors, engineers and scientists started moving to US. is under rural region. Anantapur is the largest district with 19,130 sq km., Chittoor being the second largest with . 81–113)Google Scholar. Kamma chowdarys - Kamma voters Assembly Constituencies in ... - Facebook Kukatpally Housing Board Colony (KPHB) is the third surveyed area, where most of the interviewed people belonged to the middle-income group. A seminar version of this article was presented at a workshop organized by Alpa Shah and Jens Lerche in the Department of Anthropology of the London School of Economics in April 2014.
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