napoleon steckbrief pdf

[153] Vincent Cronin disagrees, stating that Napoleon was not overly ambitious for himself, "he embodied the ambitions of thirty million Frenchmen". A reader of Voltaire and of Rousseau, Napoleon believed that a political change was imperative, but, as a career officer, he seems not to have seen any need for radical social reforms. [107], After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the Revolutionary Wars to an end. The increased importance of artillery after 1807 stemmed from his creation of a highly mobile artillery force, the growth in artillery numbers, and changes in artillery practices. In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France. Cullen 2008, p. 161, and Hindmarsh et al. [187] The main strategic result from the campaign became the delayed political settlement between the French and the Austrians. 1807 Friedenschluss mit Zar Alexander 1808 Spanischer wir wegen Napoleon zur Abdankung gezwungen 1813 Preussen, Russland, GB, Österreich und Schweden verbünden sich und besiegen Napoleon in der Völkerschlacht bei Leibzig 1814 Napoleon dankt ab und muss nach Elba 1815 Napoleon . [358], Napoleon Crossing the Alps, romantic version by Jacques-Louis David in 1805, Bonaparte Crossing the Alps, realist version by Paul Delaroche in 1848. Von 1804 bis 1815 war er der Kaiser von Frankreich. Napoleon Bonaparte - SlideShare [286] He inspired his men—the Duke of Wellington said his presence on the battlefield was worth 40,000 soldiers, for he inspired confidence from privates to field marshals. Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Le Corse, Le Petit Caporal, Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleone Buonaparte, the Corsican, the Little Corporal, Former Professor of Modern and Contemporary History and Dean, Faculty of Letters, University of Toulouse II, France. Lebenslauf : Mit 9 Jahren ging er an die Militäraschule von Brienne. [289] Since his death, many towns, streets, ships, and even cartoon characters have been named after him. This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent upon Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria. [279] He was an innovator in using the financial, bureaucratic, and diplomatic resources of France. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821) war ein berühmter Kaiser von Frankreich und erfolgreicher Kriegsherr. When he heard the news of her death while in exile in Elba, he locked himself in his room and would not come out for two full days. [40] He asked for leave to join his mentor Pasquale Paoli, when Paoli was allowed to return to Corsica by the National Assembly. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Farington said Napoleon's eyes were "lighter, and more of a grey, than I should have expected from his complexion", that "his person is below middle size", and that "his general aspect was milder than I had before thought it. “For the Emperor-Bibliophile, Only the Very Best.”, This page was last edited on 5 June 2023, at 22:26. On December 22 Bonaparte, age 24, was promoted to brigadier general in recognition of his decisive part in the capture of the town. August 1769 geboren. Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, pp 158. [61][62], The defeat of the royalist insurrection extinguished the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new government, the Directory. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. Ramolino, – er besuchte die Kadettenschule von Brienne, – 1784 wurde er in der Ecole Royale Militaire in Paris aufgenommen, welche die renommierteste Militärschule des Landes war, – in seiner Freizeit widmete er sich der Literatur und Schriftstellerei, – nach Abschluss seiner Ausbildung arbeitet Napoleon als Leutnant beim Militär, – die Französische Revolution begann im Sommer 1789 – hier kämpfte er für die Freiheit seines Heimatlandes Korsika, – 1796 siegte er als Anführer im Italienfeldzug, – seine Truppe siegte auch gegen Österreich und Belgien, – zu hohem Ansehen in seiner Armee und im Volk verhalf ihm der am Nil in Ägypten stattgefundene Feldzug, – 1799 wurde die Französische Revolution mit dem Sturz der Regierung beendet, – Napoleon wurde zum Herrscher über Frankreich ernannt, – seine Position nutzte er um das Land wieder aufzubauen: Verkehrsstruktur wurde aufgebaut, Bürgern wurden neue Rechte geschaffen, Finanzen wurden neu geplant, Regierungssystem wurde neu entworfen, – das Volk wählte ihn in einer Abstimmung zum Machthaber auf Lebensdauer, – nun war er Kaiser Napoleon I. von Frankreich, – er führte Krieg gegen Großbritannien, Preußen und Russland, – 1807 schlossen die Länder nach rund sieben Jahren Frieden, – nur zwischen England und Frankreich gab es noch Machtkämpfe, – diese Unruhen veranlassten den Rücktritt von seinem Titel, – von den Briten wurde er dann auf die Insel St. Helena im Südatlantik verbannt, – Heirat mit der adeligen Joséphine de Beauharnais, – in der zweiten Ehe mit Marie-Louise von Habsburg hatte er einen Sohn, – am 05. [188] While most of the hereditary lands remained a part of the Habsburg realm, France received Carinthia, Carniola, and the Adriatic ports, while Galicia was given to the Poles and the Salzburg area of the Tyrol went to the Bavarians. Napoleon’s many reforms left a lasting mark on the institutions of France and of much of western Europe. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered". Napoleon quickly took the title of first consul and assumed the pow-ers of a dictator. The Republic, however, was bankrupt and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. "[146], The Ulm Campaign is generally regarded as a strategic masterpiece and was influential in the development of the Schlieffen Plan in the late 19th century. [127] Launching yet another referendum, Napoleon was elected as Emperor of the French by a tally exceeding 99%. Metternich's motivation was to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars. Napoleon Bonaparte war ein französischer General und Kaiser, der das politische Gefüge Frankreichs und Europas im frühen 19. War fever in Berlin rose steadily throughout the summer of 1806. One of his major objectives became enforcing the Continental System against the British forces. [138], A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction. There were also subversive activities celebrating anniversaries of Napoleon's life and reign and disrupting royal celebrations—they demonstrated the prevailing and successful goal of the varied supporters of Napoleon to constantly destabilize the Bourbon regime. The abdication of King Charles IV and renunciation of his son, Ferdinand VII created a power vacuum that was filled by native born political leaders such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. [103] The French lines never broke during their tactical retreat. Désirée's sister Julie Clary had married Bonaparte's elder brother Joseph. Napoleon saw a chance to reestablish control over the colony when he signed the Treaty of Amiens. Mai 1821 an einem Krebsleiden. In 1810, the 18-year-old Habsburg Archduchess Marie-Louise left Vienna to marry Napoleon, emperor of France. Napoleon Steckbrief Flashcards | Quizlet His casket was opened to confirm that it still contained the former emperor. He continued the policy, which emerged from the Revolution, of promotion based primarily on merit. A collection of German states intended to serve as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe, the creation of the Confederation spelled the end of the Holy Roman Empire and significantly alarmed the Prussians. They gave him sovereignty over the island and allowed him to retain the title of Emperor. Aktuelle Bewertung 3.5 / 5. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Years of isolation and loneliness took its toll on Napoleon's mental health, having his court continually reduced, including the arrest of Count Emmanuel de Las Cases, conditions which Lord Holland used to bring about a debate regarding the treatment of Napoleon in captivity. But ... what will live forever, is my Civil Code". [332] Many historians have concluded that he had grandiose foreign policy ambitions. Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. Other games with a Napoleonic theme include Napoleon's Flank, Napoleon's Shoulder, Napoleon's Square and Little Napoleon Patience. (p. 1). Facing a potential invasion from his continental enemies, he decided to strike first and turned his army's sights from the English Channel to the Rhine. Murat married one of Napoleon's sisters, becoming his brother-in-law; he also served under Napoleon as one of his generals. When the news reached Nice, Bonaparte, regarded as a protégé of Robespierre, was arrested on a charge of conspiracy and treason. [347], The large and growing historiography in French, English, Russian, Spanish and other languages has been summarized and evaluated by numerous scholars. Napoleon - Wikipedia In a letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ("square battalion"). Given the victory he had just achieved, the French emperor offered the Russians relatively lenient terms—demanding that Russia join the Continental System, withdraw its forces from Wallachia and Moldavia, and hand over the Ionian Islands to France. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Ziele) Verlauf der Schlacht Kritische Darstellung Quellenangaben. Several new laws restricting the citizenship the Jews had been offered 17 years previously were instituted at that time. He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government but . After defeat in the War of the Oranges in 1801, Portugal adopted a double-sided policy. Versailles, Musée National du Château. [37] He was the first Corsican to graduate from the École Militaire. His family did not drop the name Buonaparte until 1796. Stichworte zu seinem Lebenslauf sind Völkerschlacht, Waterloo und Verbannung. [375] He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus von Wolfsberg[376] and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon. [d] He had an elder brother, Joseph, and younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme. That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. [106], Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. When he became First Consul and later Emperor, Napoleon eschewed his general's uniform and habitually wore the green colonel uniform (non-Hussar) of a colonel of the Chasseur à Cheval of the Imperial Guard, the regiment that served as his personal escort many times, with a large bicorne. Napoleon wird auch als Vollender und Überwinder der Revolution. Melas stated that he had won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French. Steckbrief Napoleon. To withstand the stress he became domineering, eventually developing an inferiority complex. [178] A report from the Austrian finance minister suggested that the treasury would run out of money by the middle of 1809 if the large army that the Austrians had formed since the Third Coalition remained mobilized. [316], Corps replaced divisions as the largest army units, mobile artillery was integrated into reserve batteries, the staff system became more fluid and cavalry returned as an important formation in French military doctrine. [202] Heartened by France's loss in Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition. The selling price in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents per acre, a total of $15 million. [229] When he held a dinner party, men were expected to wear military dress and "women [appeared] in evening gowns and gems. It takes weakness to chase them out of the country, but it takes strength to assimilate them". The real number was 1.5 million. "I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. [351], In England, Russia and across Europe—though not in France—Napoleon was a popular topic of caricature. Alexander told the Sénat that the Allies were fighting against Napoleon, not France, and they were prepared to offer honourable peace terms if Napoleon were removed from power. Sie veranlassten, dass der dritte Napoleon, eigentlich Charles-Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte und Neffe von Napoleon, von 1848 bis 1870 französischer Kaiser wurde. Carlo Buonaparte had married the beautiful and strong-willed Letizia when she was only 14 years old; they eventually had eight children to bring up in very difficult times. From Ormea, they headed west to outflank the Austro-Sardinian positions around Saorge. On receipt of intelligence reports on Russia's war preparations, Napoleon expanded his Grande Armée to more than 450,000 men. Sein Vater schickte ihn zur Erziehung nach Frankreich, wo er die Militärschulen von Brienne und Paris besuchte. After this campaign, Augustin Robespierre sent Bonaparte on a mission to the Republic of Genoa to determine that country's intentions towards France. [240], In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. "[22] Napoleon's maternal grandmother had married into the Swiss Fesch family in her second marriage, and Napoleon's uncle, the cardinal Joseph Fesch, would fulfill a role as protector of the Bonaparte family for some years. Napoleon leaves the Kremlin. Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent of restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne. During his early schooling years, he would be harshly bullied by classmates for his Corsican identity and limited command of the French language. However, she seemed to warm up to him over time. – Images d'Art", "Corsica | History, Geography, & Points of Interest", "Italians Of The Past: Napoleon Bonaparte", "Report on the necessity and means to annihilate the patois and to universalise the use of the French language", "Napoleon I | Biography, Achievements, & Facts", "The works of Thomas Carlyle – The French Revolution, vol. [44] Bonaparte and his family were compelled to flee to Toulon on the French mainland in June 1793 because of the split with Paoli. [177], After four years on the sidelines, Austria sought another war with France to avenge its recent defeats. He was the fourth child and third son of the family. [232] Las Cases compiled the book The Memorial of Saint Helena about his time on the island with Napoleon; reflecting Napoleon's self-depictions, it depicts him as a liberal, visionary ruler for European unification, deposed by reactionary elements of the Ancien Régime. [91] The army was left in the charge of Jean-Baptiste Kléber. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible". During the last few years of his life, Napoleon confined himself for months on end in his damp, mold-infested and wretched habitation of Longwood. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint L'Ouverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Such leaders embraced nationalistic sentiments influenced by French nationalism and led successful independence movements in Latin America. Napoleon first seized political power in a coup d’état in 1799. He was devastated by the news, locking himself in his room and refusing to leave for two days. [145] Napoleon wrote after the conflict: "I have accomplished my object, I have destroyed the Austrian army by simply marching. [94][95], Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite". [256] While in exile in Saint Helena he is recorded to have said "I know men; and I tell you that Jesus Christ is not a man. [369] Napoleon learnt of that affair and a letter he wrote about it was intercepted by the British and published widely, to embarrass Napoleon. Despite or due to his average size, Napoleon was mocked in British newspapers as a short tempered small man and he was nicknamed "Little Boney in a strong fit". He received a bayonet wound on December 16, but on the next day the British troops, harassed by his artillery, evacuated Toulon. [139] By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men,[139] who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers. The Ulm Maneuver completely surprised General Mack, who belatedly understood that his army had been cut off. [132], Napoleon was then crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on 26 May 1805. Kaiser (Geburtstag 15.08.1769) Der Französischen Revolution von 1789 verdankt Napoleon seine steile Karriere in der Armee: Als er 1793 erfolgreich die Artillerie der Revolutionstruppen in der Schlacht um Toulon gegen die königstreuen Royalisten führt, wird er zum Brigadegeneral befördert. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium, but Napoleon would remain Emperor. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. Strict censorship, controlling various key constituents of the press, books, theatre, and art were part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The assault on the position led to the capture of the city, and during it Bonaparte was wounded in the thigh on 16 December. While the tendency to see in Napoleon a reincarnation of some 14th-century Italian condottiere is an overemphasis on one aspect of his character, he did, in fact, share neither the traditions nor the prejudices of his new country: remaining a Corsican in temperament, he was first and foremost, through both his education and his reading, a man of the 18th century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Napoleon finished off the battle with a concentrated central thrust that punctured a hole in the Austrian army and forced Charles to retreat. The serfs later committed atrocities against French soldiers during France's retreat. [318] Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th-century operational mobility underwent change. [367] He formally adopted her son Eugène and second cousin (via marriage) Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. Two years later, the Austrians challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram. Explore the legend to interpret the amp. [275], Historians emphasize the strength of the ambition that took Napoleon from an obscure village to rule over most of Europe. Despite being dead for nearly two decades, Napoleon had been very well preserved and not decomposed at all. In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him. Die Länder schlossen nach rund sieben Jahren im Juni 1807 Frieden mit Frankreich. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes". In his Le Souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), written at this time, he argued vigorously for united action by all republicans rallied round the Jacobins, who were becoming progressively more radical, and the National Convention, the Revolutionary assembly that in the preceding fall had abolished the monarchy. Inhaltsverzeichnis. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Invasions of enemy territory occurred over broader fronts which made wars costlier and more decisive. After the Battle of Berezina Napoleon managed to escape but had to abandon much of the remaining artillery and baggage train. Napoleon emancipated Jews, as well as Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries, from laws which restricted them to ghettos, and he expanded their rights to property, worship, and careers. Noch niemand hat dieses Steckbrief bewertet! Near-Carthaginian peaces intertwined whole national efforts, intensifying the Revolutionary phenomenon of total war. Napoleon Bonaparte hat die europäische Geschichte durch seinen Mut bedeutend beeinflusst. [100] While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force. But his driving passion was the military expansion of French dominion, and, though at his fall he left France little larger than it had been at the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789, he was almost unanimously revered during his lifetime and until the end of the Second Empire under his nephew Napoleon III as one of history’s great heroes. [300] At 1.57 metres (5 ft 2 in), he had the height of an average French male but was short for an aristocrat or officer (partly why he was assigned to the artillery, since at the time the infantry and cavalry required more commanding figures).[301]. As Emperor, he appointed his brothers to Masonic offices under his jurisdiction: Louis was given the title of Deputy Grand Master in 1805; Jerome the title of Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Westphalia; Joseph was appointed Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France; and finally Lucien was a member of the Grand Orient of France. There is something very fetching and very eager about him that is impossible to resist". [336] French liberal intellectual Benjamin Constant (1767–1830) was a staunch critic of political homogenisation and personality cult that dominated Napoleonic France and wrote several books condemning Napoleon such as "The Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation" (1814) and "Principles of Politics Applicable to All Representative Governments" (1815). He revolutionized military organization and training; sponsored the Napoleonic Code, the prototype of later civil-law codes; reorganized education; and established the long-lived Concordat with the papacy. No! They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. In a series of rapid victories during the Montenotte Campaign, he knocked Piedmont out of the war in two weeks. Später besuchte er die Kadettenschule in Brienne, wurde aber aufgrund seiner Fähigkeiten schnell zu einer der besten Militärschulen Frankreichs versetzt. Napoleon Bonaparte I Der Aufstieg I musstewissen Geschichte [246] Napoleon's father had died of stomach cancer, although this was apparently unknown at the time of the autopsy. On the eve of the coronation ceremony, and at the insistence of Pope Pius VII, a private religious wedding ceremony of Napoleon and Joséphine was celebrated. [150], Desperate to lure the Allies into battle, Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state, even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights, a sloping hill near the village of Austerlitz. Der politische Aufstieg Der politische Niedergang Quellen. Andrzej Nieuwazny, "Napoleon and Polish identity". Margaret Bradley, "Scientific education versus military training: the influence of Napoleon Bonaparte on the École Polytechnique". Er kümmerte sich um seine Mutter und Geschwister. Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 - 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a Corsican-born French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.He was the de facto leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then . Napoleon Bonaparte, as he may henceforth be called (though the family did not drop the spelling Buonaparte until after 1796), rejoined his regiment at Nice in June 1793. The post seemed to hold no future for him, and he went to Paris to justify himself. Similar arrangements were made with the Church in territories controlled by Napoleon, especially Italy and Germany.
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